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احمدالرويلي · 12-21-2005, 09:58 PM

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سهام الليل · 12-22-2005, 03:13 AM

Basic Punctuation Rules
Dr. Peter Jordan

A. COMMAS
1. Commas separate main clauses joined with coordinating conjunctions.

Example: The rules of punctuation are not difficult, but they can be tricky.

This rule is covered in The New Century Handbook, Section 46b; The Modern Writer's Handbook, Section 27 a(1); and on the top of page 619 in Lannon, Technical Writing, 7th ed. Also see Strunk, The Elements of Style.

2. Commas separate introductory elements (phrases, transitions, clauses) from the main clause which follows.

Example: Although the rules of punctuation are not difficult, they can be tricky.

This rule is covered in The New Century Handbook, Section 46a; in The Modern Writer's Handbook, Section 27 b; on p. 619 of Lannon (Incomplete-->complete ideas), and on p. 620 of Lannon. Here's what The Portable Technical Writer" says: "Although many professional writers routinely leave out that introductory comma, technical writers make a habit of putting it in" (p. 112).

3. Commas separate items in series, and they come before the "and" in a series of three or more items.

Example: Commas, semicolons, and periods are the main punctuation marks.

This rule is covered in The New Century Handbook, Section 46c;T in The Modern Writer's Handbook, Section 27 a (2); and on the bottom of p. 619, Lannon. Also, see Strunk, The Elements of Style. As The Portable Technical Writer says, "Leaving the comma out after Y [of an X, Y, and Z series] is permitted by most style guidelines, but it can lead to confusion when the elements in a list are complex."

4. Commas are used to set off nonrestrictive ("unnecessary") clauses and phrases.

Example: Dr. Jordan, who teaches technical writing, likes his students to learn the basic rules of correct punctuation.

This rule is covered in The New Century Handbook, Section 46e; The Modern Writer's Handbook, Section 27 d (1); and on p. 620, Lannon. It's the same thing Strunk is discussing when he says to enclose parenthetic expressions in commas.

B. UNNECESSARY COMMAS -- NO PUNCTUATION
(Rules telling where NOT to put commas are covered in The Modern Writer's Handbook, Section 27e, and in The New Century Handbook, Section 46j.

1. Do not put a comma (or any other punctuation) before a coordinating conjunction that joins two items unless the two items joined are main clauses.

Example: The rules of punctuation are not difficult but are often tricky.

2. Do not put a comma (or any other punctuation) after a series unless some other rule calls for the comma's presence.

3. Do not set off restrictive ("necessary") clauses or phrases with commas or other punctuation.

Example: The man who teaches technical writing likes his students to learn the basic rules of correct punctuation. (In this case, the clause "who teaches technical writing" is restrictive because it tells (restricts) which man is under discussion.

4. Do not put a comma or other punctuation mark after a subordinating or a coordinating conjunction.

C. SEMICOLONS
1. Use a semicolon as a "soft period" to join two main clauses (but NOT when the two main clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction).

Example: Commas are important; they are also tricky.

This rule is covered in The New Century Handbook, Section 47a; in The Modern Writer's Handbook, Section 28 a; and on p. 617 of Lannon.

2. Use a semicolon to separate two main clauses joined by a transitional phrase or conjunctive adverb.

Example: Commas are important; however, they can be tricky.

This rule is covered in The New Century Handbook, Section 47b; The Modern Writer's Handbook, Section 28; and on pp. 618-19 of Lannon..

3. Use a semicolon to separate items in a series but only when the items in the series already have commas within them.

Example: My favorite teachers this semester are Dr. Smith, who teaches math; Dr. Jones, who teaches civil engineering; and Dr. Simpson, who teaches English.

This rule is covered in The Modern Writer's Handbook, Section 28 b, and on p. 618 of Lannon. See The Portable Technical Writer, p. 113, for an example.

4. Do NOT use a semicolon to separate two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.

5. Do NOT use a semicolon to separate an introductory element from the main clause.

D. COLONS
1. Use a colon to introduce a following statement or list but only when the sentence is complete without the list or the statement which follows.

Examples: I use computers for three important tasks: word- processing, computation, and information retrieval.

I use computers for word-processing, computation, and information retrieval.

See The New Century Handbook, Section 48a.

Exception: Writers often use colons in situations like this to follow heading words and phrases.

E. APOSTROPHES
Apostrophe rules are covered in The New Century Handbook, Section 49; in Section 36 of The Modern Writer's Handbook; and on pp. 622-24 of Lannon.

1. When "its" is a possessive pronoun, do not use an apostrophe. Only use an apostrophe when "it's" is a contraction for "it is."

Examples: The dog likes its bone. It's a ham bone.

2. Don't use apostrophes with simple plurals, with singular verbs, or with possessive pronouns. Use them where appropriate with possessive nouns, including possessive plural nouns.

Examples: The three dogs' barks are worse than their bites. The bark of one of the dogs is worse than the other dogs' barks. My dog barks louder than hers. My dog's bark is loud.

See the Its vs. It's Page

F. DATE\S, ADDRESSES, QUOTATIONS (and quotation marks)
(See The New Century Handbook, especially Sections 46gand 50).

1. DATES: "When a phrase lists only a month and a year, do not separate the year with commas. When a phrase refers to a month, day, and year, set off the year with commas." Don't abbreviate month unless used with specific date. "Abbreviate only Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec."(Associated Press Stylebook).
When you're writing the date in a letter, write out the month.

Examples: January 1986 set records in Tennessee for dry weather. He was born on Feb. 14, 1946. March 7, 1986, is the last day to withdraw from class.

2. ADDRESSES: "Use the abbreviations Ave., Blvd., and St. only with a numbered address: 1600 Pennsylvania Ave." Spell out and capitalize when part of a street name without the number: Pennsylvania Avenue" (AP Stylebook).

3. PLACES: Use commas to separate name of state from city when the two are used together: Tennessee State University is located in Nashville, Tennessee, near the Cumberland River.

4. QUOTATION MARKS:

Be sure everything within quotation marks is an exact quotation, unless you use ellipses (. . .) to indicate you've taken something out or square brackets [ ] to indicate you've changed something.
With dialogue, start a new paragraph every time the speaker changes.
Periods and commas always go within final quotation marks. Use commas to introduce full-sentence direct quotations and at the end of a quote followed by an attribution.
Example:

The English professor said, "Get out your theme paper, and write your assignment."

"But I hate to write," said the student.

When an attribution splits a quotation, and a complete quoted sentence follows the attribution, be sure to begin a new sentence following the attribution: Example:
"Put your pencils down now," said the professor. "The exam is over."

Caution: At the END of a quotation, be SURE to place the period or comma BEFORE the closing quotation mark. But note that with a parenthetical MLA citation, the sequence is typically closing quotation mark, parenthetical citation, comma or period: ". . . quotation" (Jones 372).

Do not use quotation marks for your own title (unless it's a quotation itself). Use quotation marks for titles of shorter works such as magazine or newspaper articles. Underline (instead of using quotation marks) titles of books and other major works (or put them in italics).
See The New Century Handbook, Section 50, for Quotation Mark rules.

G. NUMBERS, NUMERALS, ABBREVIATION, CAPITALIZATION, ETC.
See The Portable Technical Writer, Section 5.3, "Formatting Numbers and Formulas," for excellent advice, including the general wisdom, "Conventions exist for writing numbers in technical writing," p. 130.

1. Exact measurements: Use numerals to express decimals, precise technical figures, or any other exact measurements.

2. Casual uses: Spell out casual expressions:
A thousand times no! Thanks a million. He walked a quarter of a mile.
--AP

3. Sentence beginnings: Spell out a number at the beginning of a sentence, but revise the sentence to avoid beginning with a large numeral.

Wrong: 993 freshmen entered college last year.
Right: Last year, 993 freshmen entered college.
Right: 1976 was a good year. (Years are OK as sentence beginnings).
--AP (paraphrase)

4. Ordinal numbers: Spell out first through ninth when they indicate sequence in time or location. Starting with 10th, use figures. -- AP

5. Use numerals for address numbers and for days of the month in dates.

6. Most other cases: Use words for numbers from one to nine; use numerals for numbers greater than nine. -- AP

Nine rabbits and 10 hamsters are in the cage.

7. For advice on abbreviation and capitalization, see The Portable Technical Writer, pp. 122-23.

8. Spelling and capitalization of computer languages: As a general rule, if the name of the language is an acronym, it is spelled with all caps, but if it's simply a proper name, only the first letter is capitalized.

Examples: BASIC, COBOL, Pascal.

E. Lists
Use numbered lists for items whose order is important (such as sequential items or items ranked in order of importance). Use bulleted lists for items whose order is not important.
Don't overuse lists: "Some writers get 'bullet happy' and insert bullets at every opportunity. Doing so takes away their special effect as emphasizers and makes them repetitious and annoying" -- Kristin R. Woolever, Writing for the Technical Professions (1999), p. 124.
Use a colon to introduce lists (see above) when the introductory clause is a complete sentence. Put no punctuation after individual list items, with the following exception: "When items in a list are complete sentences, you can punctuate each one as a separate sentence, placing a period at the end" (William S. Pfeiffer, Pocket Guide to Technical Writing (1998), p. 76.
Be sure list items are in grammatically parallel form.

www.tnstate.edu/jordan/punctuat.html

سهام الليل · 12-22-2005, 03:14 AM

English punctuation marks and mechanics usage are something that everyone, no matter in what industry, needs. An apostrophe, colon, comma, dash, ellipse, exclamation point, hyphen, parentheses, period, question mark, quotation mark, semicolon, and underlining are all necessary to usage, grammar, and mechanics. When you write, only through the correct use of punctuation usage rules will words make sense. But what is the proper use and rules of these punctuation marks?
Teaching online at einfoweb.com, we provide you with information about using punctuation marks, guides, rules, and use. With the additional examples provided, you'll be able to learn punctuation the quick and easy way. We also provide you with lesson plans, exercises, worksheets, and study guide to help you with grammar. To start using our free punctuation and grammar rules guide, click on the side bar. We hope that these exercises guide and worksheets help you with your usage of grammar punctuation mechanics and writing!

The punctuation marks usage are apostrophe, colon, comma, dash, ellipse, exclamation point, hyphen, parentheses, period, question mark, quotation marks, semicolon, and underlining. Here is a quick rule as to what these punctuation mechanics and marks are like.

Apostrophe - '
Colon - :
Commas - ,
Dash - ¯
Ellipse - ...
Exclamation Point - !
Hyphen - -
Parentheses - ( )
Period - .
Question Mark - ?
Quotation Marks - " "
Semicolon - ;
Underlining - _____

www.einfoweb.com/punctuation

سهام الليل · 12-22-2005, 03:18 AM

this site might be useful too for Punctuation Rules
(more than 5 pages )
www.kimskorner4teachertalk.com/writing/sixtrait/conventions/punctuation.html

سهام الليل · 12-22-2005, 03:20 AM

Nice presentation for Building Sentence Topic

www.let.uu.nl/~slr/gram10/index.htm

سهام الليل · 12-22-2005, 03:22 AM

Building Sentences (with details) check this site

www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldsent.html

**أميرة الغروب** · 12-23-2005, 10:12 PM

thanks سهام الليل
for helping our brother
: )

احمدالرويلي · 12-24-2005, 06:35 PM

أشكر الأخ سهام الليل على البحث وأبشره إني قدمته وحصلت على الدرجه الكامله
والشكلر أيضا الى اميرة المنتدى اميرة الغروب

سهام الليل · 12-24-2005, 08:45 PM

اقتباس:

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