ThE HistorY Of JerusaleM

طواش · #1 06-11-2007, 06:58 PM

Today I would like to give you an overview on the history of Jerusalem and its inhabitants ever since recorded history

The history of the holy city of Jerusalem dates back to more than 5000 years, which makes it one of the oldest cities in the world. The many names the city carried indicate the depth of that long history. The different nations that resided in Jerusalem gave many different names to Jerusalem.

The Kan’anis, who migrated to Jerusalem in third millennium B.C, called it Orsalem, which means the city of peace or the city of God salem. From Orsalem the name Orshalem was derived, which is called Euroshalem in Hebrew and means the sacred house, and was mentioned 680 times in the Torah.

In the Greek age, the city was known as Ilya’a, which means house of God. One of the most important things the Kan’anis did in Jerusalem was splitting a tunnel to secure the flow of water inside the city from the Jihon Stream situated in Kadron Wadi, which is today known as Salwan Stream.

The following sections show the people who resided in Jerusalem since 2500 B.C until today:

1. The native residents of Jerusalem:

The Yebosians-one of the Arabic tribes of the Kan’anis-lived in Jerusalem in around 2500 B.C and called the city Yebos.

2. The Pharaoh’s Age:

Jerusalem subjected to the Pharaoh’s Egyptian influence starting from the year 1600 B.C. In the reign of King Akhnaton, the city was raided by the Khaibros, who were a tribe of Bedouins the Egyptian governor Abdi Khiba couldn’t defeat and, thus, the city fell to them until it was returned to the Egyptian influence in the reign of the king Siti the first (1317-1301 B.C)

3. The Jewish Age (977-586 B.C):

The Jewish rule to Jerusalem continued 73 years out of 5000 years, which is the history of the city. King David-peace be upon him-managed to control the city in 1000 B.C or 977 B.C and called it city of David.

He built a castle and many forts around the city, and ruled it for 40 years. After king David’s death, his son Solomon-peace be upon him-ruled Jerusalem for 33 years.

After the death of Solomon, the country split in the reign of his son Rehb’am, and the name of the city became Orshalem.

The name Orshalem is a derivative of the Arabic-Kan’ani name Shalem or Salem, which the Torah indicated it was the name of an Arabic-Yebosian governor who was a friend to prophet Abraham. (Genesis-14: 20-18, and the letter to the Hebrews in the Bible 7:1, 20:6-5)

4. The Babylonian Age (586-537 B.C):

The Babylonian king Nabukhatnassir the second occupied Jerusalem after he defeated the last kings of the Jews Sadqia Ben Yosha in 586 B.C, and held the surviving Jews, including Sadqia himself, as captives and transferred them to Babylon.

5. The Persian Age (537-333 B.C):

In 538 B.C, the Persian king Qursh allowed the Jewish captives in Babylon to return to Jerusalem.

6. The Greek Age (333-63 B.C):

Great Alexander of Macedonia seized Palestine, including Jerusalem in 333 B.C. After he died, his Macedonian successors continued their rule of the city. In 323 B.C, the city was seized by Batlimos and annexed, with Palestine, to his kingdom in Egypt.

Later in 198 B.C, Jerusalem fell under the Sloqians in Syria after Silox Nikataur seized it. At that time the residents of Jerusalem were influenced by the Greek civilization.

7. Jerusalem under the Roman rule (63 B.C-636):

The Commander of the Roman army Pompeji seized Jerusalem in 63 B.C and annexed it to the Roman Empire. The Roman rule over Jerusalem, which continued until 636 B.C, witnessed several events. Between 66-70 B.C, Jews stirred actions of riot and civil rebellion which were forcefully repressed by the Roman king Titus, who burnt the city and captured large numbers of Jews, after which things returned normal during the Roman rule of the sacred city.

However, the Jews rebelled again twice between 132-115 and actually managed to control Jerusalem, which pushed the Roman Emperor Hadrian react violently. The consequence was that Jerusalem was devastated for the second time and the residing Jews were expelled, while only Christians remained. Hadrian ordered to shift the name of the city to Ilya’a and stipulated that no Jew shall live in it.

 The Church of judgment day:

The Roman Emperor Constantine the first transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantine and declared Christianity the official religion of the country, which was a turnover for the Christians in Jerusalem, as the Church of judgment day was built in 326.

 The return of the Persians:

The Roman Empire was split in 395 into two vying states, which encouraged the Persians to raid and occupy Jerusalem from 614 to 628, but the Romans reclaimed it and it remained it their hands until the Islamic liberation in 636.

8. The Isra and Mi’raj, Prophet Mohammed’s travel to Jerusalem and ascension to heaven. (621-10 Hijri, Hijri is the Islamic calendar):

In 621 approximately, Jerusalem witnessed the visit of prophet Mohammed-peace be upon him, as he has traveled from the Holy Mosque to the Aqsa Mosque, and then ascended to the supreme heavens.

9. The 1st Islamic Age (636-1072):

The Caliphate Omar bin Al Khatab entered the city of Jerusalem in 636/15H (or 638 according to the different sources) after the triumph of the Islamic army. The Patriarch Safronius stipulated that Omar himself receive the city, thus the latter wrote the Omrian Document with the Patriarch, which is an agreement granted Christians the religious freedom in returns of tribute or tax. Omar changed the name of the city from Ilya’a to Jerusalem (Al-Quds). The agreement included that no Jews shall live in the city.

From that time and on, Jerusalem has gained the Islamic ambience, as the Omyads (661-750) and Abbasians (750-878) looked after it. Also, the city witnessed scientific prosperity in various fields. The most important Islamic signs in that period was the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock which has been built between the period 682-691, while the holy Aqsa Mosque was rebuilt in 709.

After that year, the city has witnessed instability due to the military conflicts that broke out between the Abbasians, the Fatmians and the Qaramtas, while the city fell to the Salajqas in 1071.

 Jerusalem during the Crusades (1099-1187):

Jerusalem fell to the hands of the crusaders in 1099 five centuries after the Islamic rule due to the conflicts over sovereignty that broke out between the Saljuks and the Fatamids, and even between the Saljuks themselves.

The Crusaders killed around 70,000 Muslims when they
entered Jerusalem, and also desecrated the Islamic sanctuaries. From that date, a Catholic king who enforced the Catholic rituals on the Orthodox Christians, the thing that infuriated them, started a Latin kingdom.

10. The 2nd Islamic Age:

Magnanimous leader Saladdin Al Ayubi managed to reclaim Jerusalem from the grip of the crusaders in 1187 after the battle of Hitteen. He treated the residents of Jerusalem well and removed the cross from the Dome of the Rock, and look after the city in terms of construction and fortification.

 The Crusaders again:

However, the crusaders succeeded in seizing the city after the death of Saladdin in the reign of Fredrick, the king of Sicily. Jerusalem remained in the hands of the crusaders for 11 years until the king Najmul Din Ayub reclaimed the city once and for all in 1244.

 The Mamaliks (1259-1517)

The Mongolians invaded Jerusalem in 1243/1244, however the Mamaliks defeated them under the leadership of Saiful Din Qotoz and Bebras in the battle of Ain Jalut (The eye of Saul) in 1259, after which Palestine, including Jerusalem, was annexed to the Mamaliks who ruled Egypt and Mesopotamia after the Ayubian state until 1517.

 The Ottomans (1617-1917):

The Ottoman armies, under the leadership of the Sultan Saleem the 1st, entered Jerusalem after the battle of Marj Dabeg in 1615/1616, after which Jerusalem became a city affiliated with the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan Sulayman Al Qanooni rebuilt the city walls and Dome of the Rock.

Between the period 1831 to 1840, Palestine became a part of the Egyptian state that Mohammed Ali established, but later it returned to the Ottoman rule again. In 1898, the Ottoman state removed the old wall of Jerusalem to facilitate the entrance of the German Cesar William the 2nd and his attendants during his visit to the city. Jerusalem remained under the Ottoman rule until the First World War in which the Ottoman Turks were defeated and driven out of Palestine.

11. The British Occupation (1917-1948):

Jerusalem fell under the British army in 8-9/12/1917 after the declaration Alanbi, the British General, broadcast. The League of Nations (the ancestor to the United Nations) granted Britain the right of mandate on Palestine, and Jerusalem became the capital of Palestine under the British mandate (1920-1948).

Since that date, the city entered a new age, which was characterized by the increase in the number of Jewish immigrants to Jerusalem, especially after the Belfor Declaration in 1917.

 The project of internationalizing Jerusalem:

The case of Jerusalem was referred to the United Nations after the Second World War. In November 29, 1947, the international authority issued the resolution of internationalizing Jerusalem.

 Ending the British mandate

In 1948, Britain declared the end of its mandate on Palestine and withdrew its forces. The Zionist gangs exploited the state of political and military vacuum and declared the establishment of the Israeli state.

In December 3, 1948, David Ben Gorion, the Israeli Prime Minister, declared West Jerusalem the capital of the newborn Israeli state, while East Jerusalem fell under the Jordanian rule until the defeat of June 1967, which resulted in annexing Jerusalem completely to the Israeli occupation.

 Conclusion:

Jerusalem represented, since its establishment in the year 3000 B.C, a primary axis of the civilization conflict forms in the region, and eight nations dominated the city and fought with each other over sovereignty. The Jewish control over Jerusalem during the reign of both David and Solomon-peace be upon them-represents only 1.6% of its overall history that continued for 5000 years.

On the other hand, the Islamic liberation-first religiously through the Isra and Mi’raj, secondly politically by the Caliphate Omar bin Al Khattab and thirdly by the hands of leader Saladdin who liberated it from the crusaders in the 12th century-clearly decides the civilization characteristic of Jerusalem as Arabic and Islamic, as the Islamic civilization has lasted in Jerusalem more than the other nations.

When studying the chronological history of Jerusalem, it appears clearly that the Arabic-Islamic rule over the city represents 70.9% of its overall history since 3000 B.C to 1917, which is the time of the British occupation.

However, the Arabic presence in Jerusalem has been
continuous; it didn’t cease and wasn’t linked to the nature of the ruling system. The Romans had two periods of ruling over Jerusalem that represented around 15.4% of Jerusalem’s history, while the Persians’ two ruling periods represent 6%, and the Greek rule represent 6%.

The British researcher Keth Whitelam indicates that,“ What’s happening now by the Zionists is showing the fleeting and small Israeli kingdom in history as if it was a supreme Israeli kingdom, even though it was no more than a fleeting moment in the civilization course of ancient Palestine.”

In the tourism programs, Israelis present the past 3000 years of Jerusalem (from 1000 B.C until 2000) as a purely Jewish history, forgetting the 2000 years that preceded the establishment of the kingdom of king David-peace be upon him, in which Arabs existed since 3000 B.C.

Notably, the Arabic rule over Jerusalem was the start when the Yebosians descending from the Arabic Kan’anians built it in 3000 B.C, and was the end in 1917 when Britain occupied the holy city.

Therefore, Jerusalem is considered a purely Arabic and Islamic city, while the Jewish rule of the city is only passing when gauged to the course of time and history, the thing which invalidates the Jewish allegation of their sole right over Jerusalem, since they have been the least present in its overall history

The abovementioned text is translated from a report on alzajeera.net

jana · 06-14-2007, 06:27 PM

Thanks a lot brother
for giving us the chance
to know more about
the history of Jerusalem

again thank you

Jana

طواش · 06-14-2007, 06:34 PM

اقتباس:

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة jana

Thanks a lot brother
for giving us the chance
to know more about
the history of Jerusalem

again thank you

Jana

YoU ArE MosT WelcomE SisteR

bundy · 06-15-2007, 08:05 PM

mashallah

good job bro.

thanks for the hard work you did and waiting more from u

good luck

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